Make City by Architecture, Medium-Scale Urbanism

Make City by Architecture

The twin tower, planned since 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, has completed, at Tsudanuma Narashino-shi in Chiba Prefecture. The mixed-use buildings of shops and residentials, consist of 10-stories around 30 meters height, so that the term “tower” might be a bit of an exaggeration. The limited site generates slender tower-like volume seated on the podium (base) of commercial programs. As indicating in [Fig1] below, the left has named “West Terrace” and so as the right “East Terrace”, the design and construction have done in stages of Phase 1 and Phase 2. Each owned by different clients, the facade articulates a sense of unity and individuality as sister buildings.

[Fig1] West Terrace and East Terrace standing in left and right. The podiums coordinate in black tile but the towers express contrasting looks, aiming to create a balance of unity and diversity in the cityscape.

Mixed Use

We had a valuable opportunity of designing urban architecture accommodating local businesses such as retail stores and offices, rather than a single-purpose block consisting solely of apartment. The store base of the residential tower forms the foundation for maintaining the continuity of the streetscape of the shopping street existed before. The backyard layout or open service yard located behind the podium that functions a parking ground and an access to the residences, helps to preserve the clear edge of commercial main street. (Due to shadow regulations, the building volumes are inevitably pushed along the south side of the street.) The mosaic of various uses such as residence, business, culture and leisure, cradles lively humane city.

[Fig2] View from the southeast intersection; East Terrace sits in the foreground and West Terrace does in the background.

Anchor Tenant

Mixed-use space is an essence for creating a vibrant city, but in reality, it is difficult to guarantee good tenants merely providing space. Therefore, the key to the success of an urban development is to secure major tenants from the initial planning stage. “Anchor” refers to the equipment holding a ship to pier, it might be used as a metaphor for a tenant that firmly “anchors” a project. In this project, an appointment that the relocation of the bank, doing business originally on the site of the Phase 2 East Terrace, into the first floor of the Phase 1 West Terrace became a major driving force for the development. Furthermore, there was an agreement between the real estate company of 1st Phase client leading this project and the restaurant run by 2nd Phase client, to exchange their lands and moved into the West Terrace and the East Terrace. That is the owners themselves drove the project with passion and strong will.

[Fig3] View from southwest corner of the West Terrace, showing the bank of anchor tenant and the owner’s real estate company. East Terrace is in the back.

Street Amenity

The street in front of the building is a public promenade connecting the train station and the city hall. We have designed “stage sets” that make pedestrians to freely and easily stop by shops and take a break. At the southwest corner of the West Tower, “Spiral” (staircase) with “Umbrella” rounded roof magnets to the commercial terrace on the second floor as in showing in [Fig5]. The spiral base serves also as a bench for viewing the symbol tree and the street [Fig4].

[Fig4] [Fig5]　Umbrella & Spiral of West Terrace

Meanwhile, at the East Terrace, an approach stair covered with glass roof and its raised bench have installed to enhance the continuity between the walkway and the terrace. Moreover, a mosaic tile mural has displayed on the wall, adding color to the street as public art [Figure 6].

[Fig6] East Terrace podium elevation. Approach Stairs and Mosaic Tile public art. The building houses owner restaurant at the 2nd floor.

Green Corridor

The land adjacent along to the east side is the former riverbed of the Kikuta River, currently allocated as an uncertified road zone owned by the municipality, serving a lush green walking path or a valuable “Green Corridor” for its region connecting between sea and inland. There sits a large zelkova tree right next to the property, with many branches extending over onto the property. Luckily with the client’s requests, we did avoid cutting entirely down the tree from its bottom, instead by broadly pruning the thick branches growing into the site. The restaurant at the second floor holds a large horizontal window looking down the greenway, creating a space that enjoys fully its greenery picture view with the survived zelkova tree [Fig7]. Additionally, as Street Amenities, a secret bench has provided where people can take a break or eat their lunch while strolling. Rather than a closed exterior planting design within the site, we aimed for a landscape design that harmonizes expanding with the surrounding natural environment.

[Fig7] View of the East Terrace from Greenway. The secret bench is located behind the zelkova tree.

Medium-Scale Urban Design

In the city downtown core, even today, large-scale developments are ongoing over the place. The city scapes still keep changing radically. The dazzling towers and shopping malls designed competingly by star architects attracts people overflowingly like a festival when they launched. There is no guarantee of the same level of drawing power after 10 or 20 years. That “fatty” building of “humongous” tenant space is for large global corporations and not for small to medium-sized local businesses rooted in the community. Exemplified by “TAWAMAN, tower mansions”, massive residential skyscrapers in downtown areas have mostly fallen into investment targets, more and more out of people’s hands. Although the scale of this project has assigned by chance, it would assume that this is an appropriate or good plot size to maintain and coexist with the local economy and community. I believe that Medium-Scale Urban Design or urban community development by local stakeholders who are actually rooted in the place will lead to the regeneration of Human City.

[Fig8] Distant view of East Terrace, looking from City Hall Plaza

2026.05.11 HN

Hymn for New York, 19 years from 911

Today is September 11th 2020, 19 years have passed since that event.　In the summer of 2001, I was about to move to NY from Boston. I was finishing to work at the site office of Boston Convention Center, transferring to Rafael Vinoly Architects in NY and busy for preparing moving such as looking for room and etc. It was probably last weekend of August when I was finished packing up my little luggage and moved to new apartment at Upper West Side in Manhattan. During looking for an apartment in NY, the real estate agent enthusiastically recommended me an old apartment in Tribeca with Rent Stabilization. The room was very cool, a kind of loft style with high ceiling space. Something exactly like you can see in some movies of success stories in NY, for example “Big” of Tom Hanks. Rent stabilization is a legal guarantee that the rent will not raise for a certain period of time. It aims to protect the residence rights of the inhabitants rooted in that neighborhood and contributes to preserve historic city, especially like in NY. To exemplify it very frankly, the purpose is to protect the everyday life of common residents in Lower Manhattan and to fight against the soulless urban development of money-making-first real estate agencies, as Jane Jacobs and other folks have tried. Tribeca is the area where many cultural figures such as artists and university professors live. For example, Ryuichi Sakamoto, a Japanese composer, has a residence in Tribeca. The room in Tribeca was a bit over budget, so I have signed to apartment in Upper West.

View from the window of room on the 10th floor of the apartment at West 100 Street, looking north, Columbia University campus behind the tall apartments. I often lied to friends, “I can see Central Park and the Hudson River from my room,” but it was half true that “if” I leaned out from the window, I could actually see Central Park on the right and the Hudson River on the left. This apartment is also quite old, but it seems that it still exists. Photo in December 2002

On the morning of September 11th, I was following unfamiliar commuting steps; walk about 3 minutes from the apartment at the intersection of W100 Street and Broadway, take the red line of the subway at the nearest station of 96 Street and get off at Houston Street, then I was walking to the office on 50 Vandam Street. When went up to the ground from basement, I noticed the street was noisy. A fire broke out at the World Trade Center (WTC), about 20 blocks away, and there revealed a large hole in the tower when taking a close look. At first, everyone was wondering it was an accident or something. We couldn’t understand that someone intentionally smashed the plane until “second” passenger plane flew very low over our heads, I saw the plane, and went straight down to the WTC. For the time being, I got into the office, watching the TV screen. In the broadcast, someone explained “Such modern skyscraper will never collapse” and nobody could expect that it would happen next. However, the camera perfectly captured that WTC twin towers were falling down to the ground very easily. The video image of the TV was exactly like that of a movie. Although it endured the impact of a passenger plane crash, due to the heat-sensitive structure of steel frame skyscraper, the failure of sprinklers cause to collapse “beautifully” like traditional Japanese Toy Game, DARUMA OTOSHI (DARUMA Doll Drop). What happened after the collapse is exactly as you know of. Thanks to about 2km distance, we could avoid direct blast. However the black dust or ashes, like a huge cumulonimbus cloud, was slowly approaching, then I had to evacuate from the office.

At 50 Vandam Street, the Vinoly office was located, next to famous Soho district. This neighborhood was originally an industrial district housed many warehouses. They renovated an old warehouse into an architecture office. The building consists of three stories, the 1st floor of “the reception hall where models are displayed and the piano room of Mr. Vinoly”, the basement of “model shop”, and the top floor of “the drawing room with a high ceiling, the main workplace of about 50 to 60 staffs”. Although a good work place, they did recently move out from this place because long-standing contract expired. Located about 1.8km (1.1 miles) to the site, we could see quite well the abstract silhouette of the twin towers designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

Because of course the subway entirely stopped, I went home by walk up to my apartment at Upper West about two hours. TV said “America is under attack” and so that everyone spent anxious days at home for a while and scarring that the next terrorism may come again. If I took the “cool” apartment in Tribeca close to the site, I would have spent several months very inconveniently without electricity and water. So I didn’t go to work for a while and evacuated at home watching TV for a couple of days. Then I got a phone call from my boss who was still working in peaceful Boston. He asked with a bit of angry tone, “Hiro-san, how long have you been evacuating?” I replied “How can I get to work during the subway was stopping?” He asked “Why not bike to the office?” I answered ” Yes! I will go to the office by my bike now!” This is the story how my bicycle commuting life in NY instantly began.

Mountain bike I was riding in Boston and NY. During Boston, I was biking around the suburban mountains (off-road) with colleagues.

From 100th Street, going straight down to south, I have reached probably to 14 Street in 20 to 30 minutes. Then there constructed barricade all along 14 street and many police officers were standing to shut out the blocks of lower area. What I saw was exactly the real “Lockdown”. Although I thought that I could not pass through this gate, I was afraid that the boss would complain again if I returned back to home without trying anything, then I challenged to one of the policeman and asked very sensitively presenting my business card “Can I enter this gate? Our office is located at lower side.” Contrary to my expectations, the officer promptly said “You are OK to enter.” While the street of Manhattan is organized by grid system, the old area of lower Manhattan is disoriented like maze. The grid city is really convenient for “Lockdown” because until around at 14 Street there consists orthogonal street pattern so that the security line to block out lower area was formed conveniently. Our working life has re-started immediately like this. When I was back to the office, our big boss Vinoly was working and joking as usual. I remember he was making ridiculous jokes to Muslim(?) staff and laughing us at. In less than a week TV addressed “Get back to normal!” and consequently strong New Yorkers began to return to their everyday lives. In probably about a month, the subway also restarted to Houston Street, so I didn’t have to commute by bicycle for that longer period than I expected.

After that event, I lived in NY for about two years. During that period, I was also involved in a competition for the redevelopment of the former WTC site called Ground Zero. The Japanese are ridiculed as working bees, but I thought that the people in NY would work much harder. I would like to share more stories about NY during that time, but I don’t have enough photos left to post on my blog. I didn’t feel like taking pictures for a while after Sep.11. At the 20 years ago, we had no iPhone since Jobs did not bring the great device to the world yet. I lost many images taken by digital camera due to the crash of my computers. My Macintosh were broken many times… About 8 years ago, I have returned to NY to visit a friend who worked at the WTC construction site office, but at that time Hurricane Sandy came and entered NY after a couples of days delayed. Unfortunately, the construction site was flooded out and I could not visit the site after all. Colleagues and friends in NY jokingly complained me that “Something bad happens when Hiro comes to NY.” Although I have lived for just about two years, but when I returned to Manhattan, I curiously felt like I was rewinding ten years backwards and went back to home.

Since September 11th, I am afraid that the world has changed taking something bad directions more and more. Finally Trump became president of the United States. Furthermore the pandemic of covid-19 has attacked around the world. Since the year of 2020 for me is the 20th anniversary from GSD graduation, I was planning a reunion trip to Boston and NY, but in vain. I hope that the world will get back to “normal” with the good news about presidential election sometime soon.

A shot of Manhattan Island “secretly” taken from the window of “almost empty” cabin on the way home at the last and first visit to NY since I left NY, about 10 years ago. You can see the WTC Freedom Tower under construction. Photo in November 2012

Dhaka, a city of wild (4)

The “wild city” is not forever. I still haven’t write enough about interesting of this city, it is time to wrap up the blog on “Dhaka, a city of wild”.

“Wild city” has full of people.

Dhaka is overflowing with myriad people. Although the economy in Bangladesh is rapidly growing and its income inequality is increasing, the both people of rich and of not are living together in the center of the city, the both are doing various jobs. Like in Japan and the United States, modernization causes the expansion and sprawl of the city, empties out the city center or prioritizes rich while excludes not rich and then loses the vitality of city. In other words, the “wild city” must keep allowing diverse people.

Dhaka Gulshan Circle 2. Photo in May 2019

“Wild city” repairs old things and uses them up.

There are many worn-out buses running on the main road in Dhaka. Most are used ones imported from abroad. The various buses for example of double-decker type probably imported from Britain or Hong Kong and the standard type are imported from Japan and other countries are reused and painted in bright colors. The door is removed so that passengers can jump in while driving.

Rickshaws are made by assembling various parts on the body of bicycles and motorcycles.

The used cars, mainly from Japan originally of gasoline-powered, were boldly converted into a liquefied natural gas engine.

These second-hand cultures of people remind us “Bricolage” described in “La Pensee Sauvage” by Claude Lévi-Strauss.

Arterial Road in Dhaka, Showcase of various used Buses. Photo in March 2019

“Wild City” maintains the Culture of Hand-made Design.

At the construction site in Dhaka, concrete was casted out by hand and bricks were piled up one-by-one to build a wall.

The sewing industry has been prevailing in Bangladesh for a long time. Many international companies of apparel and fashion are expanding their factories to Bangladesh in search for cheap and high-quality labor of “human-wave tactics”. Each hand-made work has its own personality and humanity. Our world is surrounded by an inorganic design created by computers and machines. The “wild city” teach us the nobility of making things by our own hands.

The purse bought for local currency at an airport souvenir shop. Although a lot of same fish design were displayed at the shop, because all are handmade, every purse is not exactly same. Each has a unique personality and a sense of crude but charm or cute.

“Wild city” is a Utopia of Water and Green.

Bangladesh is rich in water and greenery with long rain season and the entire country, including Dhaka, locates in the delta zone. Dhaka spreads out the patches of lakes or ponds probably formed by damming tributaries. Furthermore, the ample water resources nourish full of green in the city. The abundance of water and greens cool down the temperature of the burning town of Dhaka and prevent urban warming. Luxury houses are lined around the lake something like an oasis. The problem is about hygiene. The domestic wastewater is drained off, the trash is floating and, as a result, the water smells badly. The lake turns to mosquito farm. Some local residents are WILDLY fishing in such the lake to eat the fish. If the water is purified and circulated and its land is maintained as park, Dhaka will revitalize as cleaner city of water and green.

Dhaka Gulshan Lake, Luxury houses and hotels are lined around the lake. Photo in May 2019

“Wild city” enjoys Freedom.

The first freedom is about movement. In Dhaka, rickshaws, cars, and motorcycles can freely move around the city and freely park at the destinations. Although there is the chaos due to no traffic lights and heavy traffic, but the freedom of movement is the first requirement for vibrant city.

The second freedom is about dwelling. On the rooftop of the hotel where I stayed, employees built shelters by themselves to live. This is the ultimate proximity to work and residence.

The third freedom is about the mind. In “wild city” humans are not tamed. Demonstration happens weekly. Bangladesh does not seem to be a class society like India, and both men and women of various backgrounds work freely in the same workplace. In this aspect, Bangladesh can be said as a democratic society. Although most of the people in Bangladesh are Muslims, therefore they live according to its strict doctrines, they wildly enjoys their freedom. On the other hand, the people who are “tamed” to live “well-behaved” and controlled by “self-responsibility” and “compliance” might enjoy lesser freedom than people who lives in “wild city”.

Free markets are open all over the city. Photo in March 2019

“Wild city” is not forever.

The lively sceneries in Dhaka showing in the blog are ephemeral phenomenon. As other cities experienced, the more modernized, industrialized, globalized and capitalized the city is, the weaker the power of “wild city” is, although there is a difference of its degree. The city of beautiful and human has life and the life is limited. We were completely “tamed” and lost the “wild mind”. Rather than nostalgically adoring to the powerful life of “wild city”, can we awaken the “new wild mind” and find out the way to “vividly” live, work, study and play in our current city again?

Goats will be halal processed as meat. The “Wild City” has various episodes about life and death. Photo in October 2019

Hiroyuki Niino

Dhaka, a city of wild (3)

Dhaka, a city of wild (3)

The gift from Louis Khan

Louis Khan (1901-74), an American architect, is one of the great masters of modern architecture. At the Kimbell Art Museum in Texas Fort Worth, he left a novel and spiritual space that beautifully incorporated natural light.

Kimbell Museum, Fort Worth Texas US. Photo in December 2003
The closed exterior gives the impression of a factory-like monotonous building, but the interior has a rich and human space system so called “Repetition of Rooms” where “miracle light” comes into from ceiling.

Khan became drastically busy in his 50s and flew around the world for projects not only in the United States but also in India, East Pakistan (currently Bangladesh) and Israel. On the way back from his trip from India, he died at the age of 73 due to a heart attack in a public toilet at Pen Station in New York. Khan left two buildings in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Shaheed Suhrawaldy Hospital

Formerly Ayub National Hospital

“Hey brick, what do you want to be?” “I want to be an arch.”

Huge and charming brick arch face (facade). Photo in March 2019

Originally opened as Ayub National Hospital in the era of East Pakistan, it became the university hospital under the Bangladesh government after independence and is currently used as the central building of the Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical Campus. Because it is not a private high-class hospital but a public university institution that accepts various patients as charity hospital, there always are full of people. The huge arcade of brick arches controlling strong sunlight opens to the front entrance plaza and gives a sense of urban scale like a station. This double layered arcade has ample depth and makes generous connection between inside and outside. This substantial space allows many people gathering freely. Although not certain that Khan prepared this large space estimating to accommodate this much of future crowds, I am convinced that Khan designed this entrance arcade as large foyer for huge hospital. Certainly this is the brilliant success as an urban public space bridging the building and surrounding city.

Hustle and Bustle Arcade of Hospital Entrance maintains urban scale dimension, 52 feet (approx. 16 m) width, 30 feet (approx. 9 m) height. Photo in March 2019

The arch is constructed purely of brick and its 2 feet (approx. 60cm) thickness brick wall supports the floor of waffle slab. Although pure and powerful structural expression, it is difficult to realize in the current structure system. Khan designed many brick buildings in US in his early career, he did not hesitate to make a square window into brick wall using lintel, but in that case usually hide the lintel with veneer bricks. Gradually he is getting fond of more NATURAL opening expression for brick, or arch. Particularly, in order to achieve this big span of 43 feet (approx. 13 m) in the arch structure, braced horizontally by post-tension precast concrete ultra-thin beam or lintel of 24 inches (approx. 60 cm) width and 18 inches (approx. 45 cm) height at the middle of circular opening. This structural system is also applied at the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad. Although my first impression in the picture was “a kind of bizarre face”, after I repeatedly see this face many times and actually experience the arches, I came to like of the facade as charming and memorable face. I would assume that the proliferation of American building design systems by Khan brought the system of foot-inch in Bangladesh. Our local architect does not know about the history. Currently building industry in Bangladesh is shifting to metric system, but because the tradition of construction is strongly originated from brick dimension, it is not so easy to erase the foot-inch dimension.

The afternoon sun light comes from the west facing arch. They made a planter in front of the arch….. Photo in March 2019

Bangladesh Parliament

The last building is the Parliament Building, used in the design of Bangladesh paper money. Construction began in 1961 during the era of East Pakistan, suspended during the Bangladesh Revolutionary War and finally finished in 1982 over nearly 20 years. The main reason of taking such long period is political, that is, the construction has been conducted fairly unstable period during the transition between two countries. The other reason is in Khan’s design or its uncompromising quality and the last reason is economical, that is, Bangladesh was in the situation called “the poorest country in the world” at that time. The building was constructed almost by hand without using heavy machinery such as concrete mixer truck. Looking carefully the detail, the joints and silhouette are slightly crude or not too well-ordered expressing human character or “wild” taste.

Viewing from the close point, the cluster of cylindrical volumes gives a mechanical and a bit creepy impression. Viewing from the distant point, you can read the proportions of the Islamic palace like the lotus flower floating in the water. Photo in May 2019

Anticipated that we could quickly visit the building as long as made a request, however it took more time to accept the request. It is mandatory to submit several documents to undergo examination to get the approval. During the 3rd trip, we could finally get the chance to visit the parliament. We saw around most of the highlights, including main assembly hall or the highest security zone. When entering into the inside, I felt initially dim but as my eyes got used to it, I was gradually sensing beautiful sun light. This is exactly the same experience at Kimbell. The main cylinder volume of assembly hall is placed on the center and the ancillary volumes of square and circular of library, reference room and waiting room surrounds around. The plan looks like a mandala. Around the center assembly hall, circular foyer or interior street encircles. This gallery where you can freely walk around forms very high ceiling like canyon enclosed by buildings. The space is so called “Externalized Interior”, the ambivalent space of inside and outside. Difficult to expect from this simple plan, the interior holds complex space system like labyrinth. Actually you will lose the sense of direction if you walk this interior street. Unfortunately I cannot share photo inside because prohibited to take any interior pictures, the shell ceiling of main assembly hall is amazing. Although this is the Parliament of Bangladesh, at the main entrance hall there is a special room for American architect Louis Khan, where his drawings and portraits are proudly exhibited. That tells how Bangladeshi respect and love Luis Khan. Khan passed away without seeing this great space.

The architect, fascinated by ancient Roman ruins, designed consistently the archaic architecture with strong conviction regardless being ridiculed as anachronistic. When being in front of these two buildings standing at around for a half century, I was overwhelmed by the “power” of architecture that will survive until actually RUINED away, already engendering a presence of RUIN. The soul of Khan who consistently designed with his strong passion and philosophy oftenly not listening clients even though almost bankrupting, the spirits of the disciples who persistently inherit Khan’s will and the bloods and sweats of myriad workers who actually built these two buildings still dwell in the land of Dhaka.

Hiroyuki Niino

Dhaka, a city of wild (4)

Dhaka, a city of wild (2)

Dhaka, a city of wild (2)

Construction site of human-wave tactics

Dhaka is in the midst of construction boom. From morning till midnight and regardless of weekdays or holidays, the construction sites are in operation. The first night I stayed in Dhaka, I was wondering what kept going on with strange sounds, I found that the construction was doing next to the hotel until midnight. It became a little quiet at last and then I was about to sleep but woke up again with the sound of a BANG. At dawn, the morning prayer broadcast begun and woke me up again. I was troubling with this every night fanfare, but weirdly and gradually getting used to it.

In Dhaka, many construction sites are on progress all around the city. Formwork by iron plate, Support work by bamboo. Photo in Oct 2, 2019

If you walk around the city, you can find the construction site everywhere. Some construction sites seem to be abandoned because all of these constructions are running all at once. Even Dhaka, where houses millions of people, lacks workers. Not only the rickshaw but also the concrete casting work is done by hand. The workers including women beautifully and robustly carry with mortar and aggregates on their heads.

Concrete casting by hand. Photo in October 3, 2019

Concrete formwork in Japan uses instrument panel of wooden plywood, but in Bangladesh uses reusable iron plate. And the support work uses bamboo. In this regard, the construction of Bangladesh is more ecological than Japan. Although it is a very primitive construction, the exposed concrete walls are generally done quite beautifully. According to Indian engineers, the quality of exposed concrete casting is better than in their home country. They can even make this kind of funky buildings with undulating exposed concrete walls.

Exposed concrete wall in Dhaka. Photo in Mar 9, 2019

Basically, the structure of concrete building is composed from floor slabs, columns and beams. Most walls except retaining walls, even the partition walls inside, are constructed from bricks. Using too much bricks is not ideal for environment. Because of the huge application of bricks at all construction site at once, the factory will burn them and emit enormous carbon dioxide. Brick production is one of the major causes of air pollution in Bangladesh. Not only trying to solve this environmental issue, but considering for structural aspect or its heaviness of brick wall, we proposed lighter material, concrete block (CMU) for our building, but our idea was rejected because CMU was rarely used in Bangladesh construction. Too expensive to use CMU.

Brick and Support Bamboo are piling up on the street. Photo in May 18, 2019

As for the automobile industry, Bangladesh is more environmental friendly than Japan because cars in Bangladesh run on liquefied natural gas. It is ironical that most cars in Bangladesh are secondhand cars run on LNG imported from Japan originally run on gasoline.

Hiroyuki Niino

Dhaka, a city of wild (3)

Dhaka, a city of wild (1)

Tag: Architecture

Make City by Architecture, Medium-Scale Urbanism